Title: Theory / Unimportant / CS / Hardware / Art of Electronics
Tags: examplesSwitchExample1 cardSimpleType1butnoTyp2 hasSeenConjDef duplicateFromOtherBook fromMath
On every note of this deck, unless a note says otherwise:
Chapter: 1
Chapter: 1

Name: Ampere
Abbreviation: A
Chapter: 1, Appendix 1
Page: 2, 864
Represents: Number of Coulomb of charge per second
Section: 2
A: 1

Name: watt
Abbreviation: W
Chapter: 1
Page: 2
Represents: Power
Section: 2.1
Typ: J.s^-1
s: -3
Other fields (not shown on cards):
SI types: kg m^2 s^-3

Name: The charge of an electron
Abbreviation: q_el
Chapter: 1
Page: 2
Exponant: −19
Section: 1.2
Typ: coulomb
Significative digit: 1.60
Basis: 10

Name: Voltage between \(p_1\) and \(p_2\)
Definition: The energy released when a unit charge moves downhill from the higher potential to the lower.
Page: 1 2
Section: 2.1
Variables: \(p_1,p_2\) two points
Definition2: The cost in energy required to move a unit of positive charge from the more negative point from the more positive point.
Name2: Potential difference
Intuition: what you apply to cause currents to flow.
Denoted by: \(E\), \(V\)
Name3: Electromotive forme
Abbreviation3: EMF

Name: A joule
Definition: The work done in moving a coulomb of charge through a potential difference of 1V
Page: 1
Section: 2.1
Notation: 1J

Name: A coulomb
Definition: A unit of electric charge
Page: 2
Section: 1.2
Notation: C

Question: Current flows from
Answer: more positive point
Page: 2
Section: 2.1

Question: Current flows to
Answer: a more negative point
Page: 2
Section: 2.1

Question: Electrons flows to
Answer: a more positive point
Page: 2
Section: 2.1

Question: Electrons flows from
Answer: a more negative point
Page: 2
Section: 2.1

Question: Difference between current and voltage ?
Answer: Current flow through.
Voltage between/across two points.
Page: 2
Section: 2.1

Name: Voltage at \(p\)
Definition: Voltage between \(p\) and ground
Page: 2
Section: 2.1
Variables: \(p\) a point of a circuit

Name: ground
Definition: A common point in the circuit that everyone seems to know about
Page: 2
Section: 2.1

Question: How to generate voltage
Answer: Doing work on charges in devices
Page: 2
Section: 2.1
Example: Batteries convert electrochemical energy

Question: How to generate current ?
Answer: Placing voltages across things
Page: 2
Section: 2.1

Name: Oscilloscope
Definition: A device allowing one to look at voltage
Page: 2
Section: 2.1

Smaller0: the sum of the current into a point in a circuit
Greater0: the sum of the current out of a point in a circuit
Page: 2
Chapter: 1
Section: 2.1
Smaller to greater: equals
Name: Kirchhoff's current law
Abbreviation: KCL

Name: Kirchhoff's voltage law
Definition: Things hooked in parallel have the same voltage across them.
Page: 2
Section: 2.1
Abbreviation: KVL

Name: Power
Definition: energy per unit time
Page: 2
Section: 2.1

Smaller0: the power consumed by \(C\)
Greater0: the voltage between the sides of \(C\) multiplied by the current in amp through \(C\)
Page: 2
Chapter: 1
Section: 2.1
Variables: \(C\) a circuit
Smaller to greater: equals

Name: Power goes into
Page: 2
Section: 2.1
Example: heat
Example2: work
Example3: radiated energy
Example4: stored energy

Name: Current
Definition: The rate of flow of electric charge past a point.
Page: 2
Section: 2.1
Denoted by: I

Name: A resistor
Definition: a resistence in Ohm
Page: 3-5
Section: 2.2 A
Definition2: how much power they can safely dissipate in Watt
Conjdef: Some objects made out of some conducting stuff, with a wire/contacts at each hand. Characterized by
Definition3: physical size/temperature coefficient
Intuition: Convert voltage to a current and vice versa
Definition4: tolerance (accuracy)
Denoted by: \(R\)
Definition5: inductance
Definition6: noise/stability with time
Definition7: voltage coefficient

Name: Ohm's law
Definition: \(R=V/I\), with \(R\) a resistance in Ohm, \(V\) in volts and \(I\) in amps
Page: 3
Section: 2.2 A
Definition2: \(I=GV\) with \(G\) a conductance, \(V\) in volts and \(I\) in amps

Question: How to obtain larger resistor ?
Answer: Put resistors in series
Page: 5
Section: 2.2 B
Variables: \(R_1,R_2\) two resistances
Index: 2

Question: How to obtain smaller resistor ?
Answer: Put resistors in parallel
Page: 5
Section: 2.2 B
Variables: \(R_1,R_2\) two resistances
Index: 2

Definition: A resistor of \(n\)kΩ
Page: 5
Section: 2.2 B
Notation: A resistor of \(n\)k
Index: 2

Definition: A resistor of \(n.m\)kΩ
Page: 5
Section: 2.2 B
Variables: \(n,m\) integers
Notation: A resistor of \(n\)k\(m\)
Index: 2

Question: How to increase slightly the resistence of a resistor
Answer: add a much smaller resistor in series
Page: 6
Section: 2.2 B
Kind: shortcut

Question: How to decrease slightly the resistance of a resistor
Answer: add a much larger resistor in parallel
Page: 6
Section: 2.2 B
Kind: shortcut

Question: \(n\) resistor \(R\) in parallel is
Answer: a resistor of \(R/n\)
Page: 6
Section: 2.2 B
Index: 2
Kind: shortcut

Question: A mark of a good circuit ?
Answer: insensitivity of the finished circuit to precise values of the components
Page: 6
Section: 2.2 B
Index: 2
Kind: shortcut

Name: Conductance
Definition: Inverse of resistance
Page: 6
Section: 2.2 B
Denoted by: \(G\)

Name: mho
Abbreviation: \(\mho\)
Chapter: 1
Page: 6
Represents: Conductance
Section: 2.2 B
Typ: \(\frac1\Omega\)
Name2: Siemens
Abbreviation2: T

Question: The resistence of \(R_i\) in series is
Answer: \(\sum R_i\)
Page: 5
Section: 2.2B
Variables: \(R_1,\dots,R_n\) resistors,
\(G_1,\dots,G_n\) their conductance

Question: The resistence of \(R_i\) in parallel is
Answer: \(\frac{1}{\sum\frac1{G_i}}=\frac{R_1R_2}{R_1+R_2}\)
Page: 5
Section: 2.2B
Variables: \(R_1,\dots,R_n\) resistors,
\(G_1,\dots,G_n\) their conductance

Question: The conductance of \(R_i\) in parallel is
Answer: \(\sum G_i\)
Page: 5
Section: 2.2B
Variables: \(R_1,\dots,R_n\) resistors,
\(G_1,\dots,G_n\) their conductance

Question: The conductance of \(R_i\) in series is
Answer: \(\frac{1}{\sum G_i}\)
Page: 5
Section: 2.2B
Variables: \(R_1,\dots,R_n\) resistors,
\(G_1,\dots,G_n\) their conductance

Question: The power dissipated by a device is
Answer: the product of the voltage between its ends, and the intensity through it
Page: 6
Section: 2.2C

Name: An amplifier
Definition: A system, taking a voltage input, and producing a (greater) voltage output
Page: 7
Section: 2.2D
Context: Electronic
Example: Speaker

Name: A de-amplifier
Definition: A system, taking a voltage input, and producing a (lower) voltage output
Page: 7
Section: 2.2D
Context: Electronic
Example: Mic
Name2: A voltage divider

Name: The transfer function of A
Definition: The function associating to the input voltage the output voltage created by A
Page: 7
Section: 2.2D
Variables: A an amplifier
Context: Electronic

Question: What is the transfer function of
Answer: multiplication by \(\frac{R_2}{R_1+R_2}\).
Page: 7
Section: 2.2D
Context: Electronic

Name: A perfect voltage source
Definition: a two-terminal “black box” that maintains a fixed voltage drop across its terminals, regardless of load resistance.
Page: 8
Section: 2.4
Context: Electronic
Example: Standard 9 volt alkaline batterie, when in series with a 3\(\Omega\) resistor

Name: Open-circuit
Definition: A circuit with has nothing connected to both voltage sources
Page: 8
Section: 2.4
Context: Electronic

Name: Short-circuit
Definition: A piece of wire bridging the outputs of a voltage source
Page: 8
Section: 2.4
Context: Electronic

Name: A perfect current source
Definition: a two-terminal black box that maintains a constant current through the external circuit, regardless of load resistance or applied voltage
Page: 8
Section: 2.4
Context: Electronic
Example: none

Name: The output-voltage compliance of C
Definition: The limit to the voltage which can be provided by C
Page: 8
Section: 2.4
Variables: C a current source
Context: Electronic
Name2: The compliance of C

Question: An arbitrary circuit, composed of voltage source and resistor, is
Answer: equivalent to a single circuit, with one voltage source and one resistor in series
Page: 8
Section: 2.4
Context: electronic
Answer2: equivalent to a single circuit, with one voltage source and one resistor in parallel

Name: Norton theorem
Definition: For any arbitrary circuit, composed of voltage source and resistor, there exists an equivalent Norton circuit
Page: 8
Section: 2.4
Context: electronic

Name: Thévenin theorem
Definition: An arbitrary circuit, composed of voltage source and resistor, there exists an equivalent Thévenin circuit
Page: 8
Section: 2.4
Context: electronic

Name: Norton equivalent circuit of C
Definition: A battery and a resistance, in parallel, mimicking C
Page: 8
Section: 2.4
Variables: C a circuit, composed of batteries and resistances
Context: electronic

Name: Thévenin equivalent circuit of C
Definition: A battery and a resistance, in series, mimicking C
Page: 8
Section: 2.4
Variables: C a circuit, composed of batteries and resistances
Context: electronic

Question: How to determine the voltage of the Thévenin equivalent circuit of C
Answer: compute or measure the voltage of the open-circuit C
Page: 8
Section: 2.4
Variables: C a circuit, composed of batteries and resistances
Context: electronic

Question: How to determine the resistence of the Thévenin equivalent circuit of C
Answer: Divide the voltage as open circuit to the intensity as short-circuit
Page: 8
Section: 2.4
Variables: C a circuit, composed of batteries and resistances
Context: electronic

Question: What is the short-circuit current of
Answer: \(\frac{V_{in}}{R_1}\)
Page: 8
Section: 2.4
Context: electronic

Question: What is the resistor value of
Answer: \(\frac{R_1R_2}{R_1+R_2}\)
Page: 8
Section: 2.4
Context: electronic

Name: Oscilloscope
Definition: An instrument letting one see voltage versus time at one or more points in a circuit
Page: 10
Section: 2.4
Context: electronic

Name: Logic probe, logic analyzer
Definition: special-purpose instruments for troubleshooting digital circuits.
Page: 10
Section: 2.4
Context: electronic

Name: Multimeter
Definition: An instrument allowing to measure voltage, current and resistance, with good precision, but slow delay
Page: 10
Section: 2.4
Context: electronic

Question: Why using a voltmetre does not disturb the circuit.
Answer: High resistance in parallel to a circuit has almost no effect.
Page: 10
Section: 2.4
Context: electronic

Name: Digital multimeters
Definition: A multimeter using electronic amplification, with input of resistance of 10 to 100 M\(\Omega\)
Page: 10
Section: 2.4
Context: electronic
Abbreviation: DMM

Name: Voltage burden
Definition: The voltage between the two ends of a current-measuring meter.
Page: 10
Section: 2.4
Context: electronic

Question: The ideal Voltage burden is
Answer: 0
Page: 10
Section: 2.4
Context: electronic

Question: How do multimeter measure resistance ?
Answer: They have a small battery. Supply a small current to the circuit to measure, and measure the voltage drop.
Page: 10
Section: 2.4
Context: electronic

Name: Stiff voltage source
Definition: A voltage source which does not bend under load
Page: 11
Section: 2.4
Context: electronic

Question: The current flowing through a 60W lightbulb running on a 120 V is
Answer: 0.5A
Page: 11a2
Section: 2.1
Context: electronic

Question: How do current through an object change when voltage across it change ?
Answer: It totally depends on the object. Linearly for metal wires. For a neon bulb, voltage does not change until a critical voltage
Page: 3,4
Section: 2.1
Context: electronic