Title: Theory / Unimportant / Experimental / Chemistry / General - Pauling
Tags: fromMath mathToDef mathToSee examplesSwitchExample1 hasSeenConjDef

Name: Matter
Definition: Any kind of mass-energy that moves with velocities less than the velocity of light.
Page: 1

Name: Radiant energy
Definition: Any kind of mass-energy that moves with the velocity of light.
Page: 1

Name: Substance
Definition: A kind of matter.
Page: 1
Extra: material?

Name: Triple point of water
Definition: Temperature at which pure liqid water, ice and vapor are in equilibrium.
Page: 6
Chapter: 1
Section: 4

Name: The temperature of triple point of water
Definition: 273.16°K
Page: 6
Chapter: 1
Section: 4

Q: The temperature [...] is [...]
A: of boiling point of water at one atmosphere pressure; 373.15°K
Page: 6
Chapter: 1
Section: 4

Name: Material
Definition: Any kind of matter, whether homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Page: 7
Chapter: 1
Section: 5
Extra: substance ?
Etymology: inspired by the physical world and its textures, including how they reflect light and cast shadows. Material surfaces reimagine the mediums of paper and ink.

Name: Heterogeneous material
Definition: A material which does not has the same property throughout.
Page: 7
Chapter: 1
Section: 5

Name: Mineral
Definition: Any chemical element, compound, or other homogeneous material occurring naturally as a product of inorganic process.
Page: 7
Chapter: 1
Section: 5

Name: Substance
Definition: homogeneous species of matter with reasonably definite chemical composition.
Page: 7
Chapter: 1
Section: 5

Name: Alloy
Definition: Metallic material containing two or more elements.
Page: 8
Chapter: 1
Section: 5

Name: Phase
Definition: A limited part of the system, separated from other parts by physical boundaries.
Page: 9
Chapter: 1
Section: 5
Context: Chemistry

Name: The consistuents of a system
Definition: The various phases that constitute the system.
Page: 10
Chapter: 1
Section: 5

Name: The set of components of \(S\)
Definition: The minimum set of substances from which the phases of the system could be made.
Page: 10
Chapter: 1
Section: 5
Variables: \(S\) a system

Name: System with more consistuents than components
Page: 10
Chapter: 1
Section: 5
Example: Water with ice near air.
Extra: Water and air are the two components

Name: System with more componants than consistuents
Page: 10
Chapter: 1
Section: 5
Example: Water with sugar.
Extra: One consistuent, two components

Name: Density
Definition: Ratio of mass to volume
Page: 11
Chapter: 1
Section: 6

Name: Cleavage
Definition: The way something break
Page: 11
Chapter: 1
Section: 6

Name: Solubility
Definition: can be dissolved in 100g of water
Page: 11
Chapter: 1
Section: 6
Definition2: at 18°C
Conjdef: The quantity which

Name: Intrinsic properties
Definition: Properties of a substance which does not depend by the size or by the state of subdivison
Page: 11
Chapter: 1
Section: 6
Name2: Specific properties

Name: Malleability
Definition: The ease with which the substance can be hammered out into thin sheets
Page: 11
Chapter: 1
Section: 6

Name: Ductility
Definition: The ease with which the substance can be drawn into a wire.
Page: 11
Chapter: 1
Section: 6

Name: \(A\) is harder than \(B\)
Definition: \(A\) scratchs \(B\).
Page: 11
Chapter: 1
Section: 6
Variables: \(A\) and \(B\) two substances

Question: The properties of a substance
Answer: that relate to its participation in chemical reaction.
Page: 12
Chapter: 1
Section: 7
Name: Chemical property

Name: Chemical reaction
Definition: Processes that convert substances into other substances.
Page: 12
Chapter: 1
Section: 7

Name: An hypothesis
Definition: An idea which explains or correlates a number of facts.
Page: 16
Chapter: 2
Section: 1

Q: Either:
-[...],
-[...].
A: An hypothesis; A systematic body of knowledge, compounded of facts, laws, hypothesis, deductive arguments, ...
Page: 17
Chapter: 2
Section: 1
Name: A theory

Name: The diameter of \(A\)
Definition: The distance between \(A\) and its neighboors.
Page: 21
Chapter: 2
Section: 5
Variables: \(A\) an atom
Context: two similar atoms are bounds

Name: Crystallography
Definition: The description of the shapes of crystals.
Page: 21
Chapter: 2
Section: 5

Name: Unit cell
Definition: In a crystal, a volume associated to each atom. Repeated indefinitely, it spans the space.
Page: 23
Chapter: 2
Section: 5

Name: A cubic crystal
Definition: A crystal whose unit cell is a cube.
Page: 23
Chapter: 2
Section: 5
Example: Copper (cuivre)

Name: A symmetry of \(c\)
Definition: An operation which can be carried out on \(c\) such that, when the operation is completed, the object appears unchanged.
Page: 27
Chapter: 2
Section: 6
Variables: \(c\) a crystal

Name: A point groups
Definition: The possible symmetry of a crystal, fixing a point.
Page: 27
Chapter: 2
Section: 6

Name: The space groups
Definition: The possible symmetry of a crystal.
Page: 27
Chapter: 2
Section: 6

Question: A crystal is composed of
Answer: molecules, repeated regularly.
Page: 27
Chapter: 2
Section: 7

Question: When pression is applied to a crystal:
Answer: the distance between molecules decreases, the molecules remain unchanged.
Page: 29
Chapter: 2
Section: 7

Name: van der Walls attractive force
Definition: The force exerted by a molecule of a crystal to a close molecule.
Page: 31
Chapter: 2
Section: 7

Name: Characteristic feature of a gas
Definition: Its molecules are not held together, they move freely in a volume rather large compared with the volume of the molecules themselves.
Page: 32
Chapter: 2
Section: 7

Name: Condensation of a gas molecule
Definition: When a gas molecule stick to a surface.
Page: 33
Chapter: 2
Section: 7

Q: The rate of [...] is:
-[...]
-[...]
A: evaporation; proportional to the surface; independant from the pressure of the surrounding gas
Page: 33
Chapter: 2
Section: 7

Q: The rate of [...] is:
-[...]
-[...]
A: condensation; proportional to the surface; proportional to the concentration of the molecules in the gas phase
Page: 33
Chapter: 2
Section: 7

Name: Sublimation
Definition: Direct transformation from solid state to gas state.
Page: 34
Chapter: 2
Section: 7

Q: \([...][...]\).
A: 101.325; kNm^{-1}
Page: 34
Chapter: 2
Section: 7
Name: One atmosphere

Name: The vapor pressure of \(c\)
Definition: The gas pressure where the rate at which molecules leaves the crystal is equal to the rate at which the molecules strike the crystal surface and stay.
Page: 33
Chapter: 2
Section: 7
Variables: \(c\) a crystal

Name: The vapor pressure of \(l\) at temperature \(t\)
Definition: The pressure in which the rates of the molecules which leave the liquid is equal to the rate at which the molecules strike the liquid and stay.
Page: 35
Chapter: 2
Section: 7
Variables: \(l\) a liquid, \(t\) a temperature

Name: Equilibrium
Definition: A situation in which opposing reactions are taking place at the same rate, so as to result in no over/all change.
Page: 33
Chapter: 2
Section: 7

Name: The melting point of \(S\) as a crystal
Definition: The temperature at which \(S\) goes from one state to the other.
Page: 34
Chapter: 2
Section: 7
Variables: \(S\) a substance
Name2: The freezing point of \(S\) as a liquid

Name: Absorption law for LTL
Definition: \(\lozenge\square\lozenge\phi\equiv\square\lozenge\phi\) and
\(\square\lozenge\square\phi\equiv\lozenge\square\phi\)
Page: 248
Chapter: 5
Section: 1.4
Conjdef: All of

Name: The force of attraction between \(e_1\) and \(e_2\)
Definition: \(\frac{k\times e_1\times e_2}{r^2}\) for some constant \(k\)
Page: 41
Chapter: 3
Section: 1
Variables: \(e_1,e_2\) electric charges,
\(r\) their distance

Name: Stoney
Abbreviation: \(S\)
Chapter: 3
Page: 41
Represents: A unit of electric charge such that the electrostatic force between two such units one meter apart is 1 N
Section: 1
Typ: \(C\)
Significative digit: \(\frac{\sqrt{10}}{c}\)
Basis: 10
Extra: Siemens ?
Other fields (not shown on cards):
SI types: A s

Name: The potential energy
Definition: The stored up capacity for doing work
Page: 42
Chapter: 3
Section: 1

Question: The potential energy of \(e_2\) and \(e_1\) ?
Answer: \(\frac 1r\) Joule
Page: 42
Chapter: 3
Section: 1
Variables: \(e_1,e_2\) two unit charges of 1S at distance \(r\)

Smaller0: the potential energy between \(e_1\) and \(e_2\)
Greater0: \(\frac{q_1q_2}{r}\) joule
Page: 42
Chapter: 3
Section: 1
Variables: \(e_1,e_2\) two elements with charges \(q_1\) and \(q_2\) stoneys at distance \(r\)
Smaller to greater: is

Name: The electric field of \(e\)
Definition: The field associating to each point the force that operates on a unit electric charge at this point.
Page: 43
Chapter: 3
Section: 1
Variables: \(e\) an electric charge of \(q\) stoneys
Definition2: The field associating to each point at distance \(r\) of \(e\) the charge \(\frac{q}{r^2}\)
Name2: The electrostatic field of \(e\)

Smaller0: the direction of the lines of force at \(p\)
Greater0: the direction of the electric field at that point
Page: 43
Chapter: 3
Section: 1
Variables: \(e\) an electric charge of \(q\) stoneys,
\(p\) a point
Smaller to greater: coincides with

Smaller0: the number of line of force per square centimenter of a cross section perpendicular to this direction
Greater0: the strength of the field per square centimenter of a cross section perpendicular to this direction
Page: 43
Chapter: 3
Section: 1
Variables: \(e\) an electric charge of \(q\) stoneys,
\(p\) a point
Smaller to greater: is proportional to

Name: homogeneous material
Definition: A material which has the same property throughout.
Page: 7
Chapter: 1
Section: 5